How to identify bronze?

â–  Rust Color

When examining ancient bronzes, the color of the rust is one of the first things to consider. Most unearthed bronzes display various types of rust, such as green, red, blue, or even a purple hue. If the rust is firmly attached to the surface, evenly distributed, and appears natural with consistent depth, it is likely to be genuine oxidation from centuries of burial. On the other hand, if the rust looks superficial, lacks depth, or appears overly bright and shiny, it may be artificial, indicating a fake.

â–  Touch and Sound

Another important factor is the weight and sound of the bronze. A genuine piece should feel balanced in weight—neither too light nor too heavy. You can also gently tap the object and listen to the sound it produces. A clear, ringing tone usually suggests authenticity, while a dull, muffled sound might indicate that the item is not real. This method has been used by experts for years to distinguish real artifacts from imitations.

â–  Patterns and Designs

The patterns and motifs on ancient bronzes are key indicators of their origin and age. During the Xia Dynasty, the designs were simple and minimalistic. In the Shang Dynasty, the patterns became more elaborate, often covering the entire surface. The Western Zhou period retained much of the Shang’s grandeur but gradually shifted toward simpler forms later on. The Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods introduced more dynamic and lively designs. Additionally, the calligraphy styles can help identify the time period. For example, Shang Dynasty inscriptions were neat and bold, while those from the Warring States period were more varied and less formal.

â–  Material and Form

Identifying the material of a bronze artifact is relatively straightforward. Genuine bronzes are typically made from a copper-tin alloy, and the texture should be smooth and consistent. If the metal appears too bright or shows signs of modern manufacturing, it could be a counterfeit. Checking the base of the object can also reveal clues—real bronzes often have a natural patina, while fakes may show signs of artificial treatment. Understanding the form and function of different types of bronzes is also essential. For instance, certain vessels like “fang” (方) were only used during specific historical periods, so their presence in an older context would raise suspicion.

Reporter Zou Yan / finishing