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Processing and quality monitoring of beef cattle mixed diet
The Total Mixed Ration (TMR) is a feeding strategy specifically designed to meet the nutritional requirements of beef cattle at different stages of growth and development. Based on expert-designed formulas, TMR combines roughage, green forage, silage, and concentrate supplements in precise proportions using a specialized mixer. This process ensures a well-balanced, thoroughly mixed feed that is both nutritious and easy for cattle to consume.
One of the key principles of TMR is to focus on palatability and satiety. The ingredients must be chosen carefully to ensure that the cattle are willing to eat the feed and feel full after consumption. This helps maximize dry matter intake, which is crucial for optimal growth and performance.
Another important aspect is meeting the nutritional needs of the animals. TMR should be formulated according to established breeding standards, taking into account the actual productivity level of the herd. The feeding amount can be slightly higher than the standard—up to 1-2% more—but it should not be excessive to avoid overfeeding or digestive issues.
The ratio of concentrates to roughage is also critical. Depending on the quality of the roughage and the physiological stage of the cattle, this ratio should be adjusted. It’s essential to maintain a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of around 28% of the diet’s dry matter, with NDF from the roughage making up at least 21%, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) exceeding 18%.
Diversifying the raw materials used in the diet is another important principle. A variety of feeds should be included to ensure a balanced nutrient profile and cost efficiency. Local forage resources should be utilized as much as possible to reduce feeding costs while maintaining quality.
Maintaining a stable feed composition is vital to prevent sudden changes that could disrupt the rumen environment and affect digestion. The feed must be clean and free from harmful substances. Dosages of all components should be strictly controlled to avoid any negative impacts on the cattle's health.
In terms of production technology, the design of TMR involves several steps. First, the nutritional needs of the cattle group must be determined based on factors like age, weight, and production level. Then, suitable feed ingredients are selected based on local availability and quality. The next step is to formulate the most economical mix by comparing the nutritional values of the selected ingredients.
Finally, dietary optimization is carried out to minimize costs while ensuring that all nutritional requirements are met. The concentration of energy-dense feeds such as oils and fats should be limited to no more than 6% of the dry matter. Protein levels should be balanced between degradable and undegradable sources to support efficient digestion and overall health.