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Processing and quality monitoring of beef cattle mixed diet
The Total Mixed Ration (TMR) is a feeding strategy designed to meet the specific nutritional requirements of beef cattle at different stages of growth and development. Based on formulas created by nutrition experts, TMR combines roughage, green forage, silage, and concentrate supplements in precise proportions using a specialized mixer. This process ensures a well-balanced, evenly mixed feed that is both nutritious and easy for the animals to consume.
One of the key principles in preparing TMR is to focus on palatability and satiety. The feed must be appealing to the cattle to encourage adequate intake, while also helping them feel full. This supports maximum dry matter consumption, which is crucial for optimal growth and performance.
Another important aspect is meeting the nutritional needs of the cattle. TMR should be formulated according to established breeding standards, taking into account the actual production level of the herd. Feeding amounts can be slightly increased—by 1% to 2%—to support weight gain, but should not be overdone to avoid waste or health issues.
The ratio of coarse to fine feed is also critical. The proportion of roughage in the diet depends on the quality of the forage, the physiological stage of the cattle, and the fattening period. It’s essential to ensure that neutral detergent fiber (NDF) makes up around 28% of the diet's dry matter, with NDF from forage exceeding 21% and acid detergent fiber (ADF) above 18%.
Diversity in raw materials is another key factor. Using a variety of feeds helps achieve better nutritional balance and cost efficiency. Local forage resources should be utilized wherever possible to reduce feeding costs and improve sustainability.
Maintaining a stable feed composition is vital to prevent digestive upset. Sudden changes in the diet can disrupt the rumen microflora, leading to poor digestion or even illness. All ingredients must be clean and free from harmful substances, and dosages should be strictly controlled.
In terms of production technology, TMR design begins with determining the nutritional needs of the cattle based on factors like age, weight, and production level. Nutritional levels are adjusted accordingly, and dry matter intake is predicted to help prepare an effective diet.
Next, feed ingredients are selected based on local availability, quality, and cost. Their nutrient content—such as crude protein, fat, fiber, moisture, calcium, phosphorus, and ash—is tested to ensure they meet required standards.
Formulation involves analyzing and comparing the nutritional value of each ingredient to create the most economical and balanced feed mix. Finally, dietary optimization focuses on minimizing costs while still meeting all nutritional requirements. The concentration of energy-dense feeds, such as protected fats or oilseeds, should be limited to no more than 6% of the dry matter to maintain proper digestion and health.