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How to keep away from common diseases in the solar greenhouse
In order to help most growers better understand the causes and prevention methods of common greenhouse diseases, we introduce the following information through the **Chinese Pesticide Network**.
1. **Powdery Mildew**
This disease is caused by the ascomycete fungus *Erysiphe cichoracearum*, which mainly affects leaves. The symptoms include a white powdery layer on the leaf surface, which eventually turns brown and necrotic. The spores are spread through air and irrigation. The disease thrives in temperatures between 10–25°C, with high temperature and dry conditions promoting its development. However, when the temperature exceeds 30°C, the spores lose their viability quickly.
To prevent and control this disease, indoor disinfection is essential. Before planting, fumigate with sulfur powder (0.24 kg per 100 m³) mixed with 0.45 kg of sawdust and smoke it overnight in a sealed greenhouse, maintaining a temperature around 20°C. Alternatively, use 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent at 250 g per 667 m², placing it in 4–5 locations and sealing for one night.
For biological control, apply a 2% agricultural antibiotic 120 or 2% Wuyincin water solution diluted 200 times, spraying every 7–10 days.
Physical control involves using a 27% high-lipid emulsion diluted 80–100 times or Beijing 2B30–50 times, sprayed on the leaves to form a protective film that prevents bacterial invasion. Spray every 5–6 days, possibly up to 3–4 times.
For pesticide control, use 45% chlorothalonil smoke at 200–250 g per 667 m² in a closed room. At the early stage of infection, apply 20% triadimefon EC diluted 2000 times, 30% tebuconazole WP diluted 2000–3000 times, or a 5000 times baking soda solution, applying once every 3–4 days, up to 3–4 times.
Other methods, such as high-temperature stagnation, can also be effective. Be sure to promptly remove infected plant parts.
2. **Gray Mold**
Caused by the fungus *Botrytis cinerea*, this disease affects flowers, young fruits, leaves, and stems. It often enters through damaged female flowers, causing petal rot and spreading to young fruits. Initially, the affected area becomes water-soaked, then soft and shriveled. Under high humidity, a dense gray mold layer appears on the flowers and fruits. On leaves, large round lesions with a small amount of gray mold develop, while stem infections lead to rot and twisting. The pathogen overwinters in soil and residue, spreading via wind, dew, irrigation, or farming activities. The optimal temperature range for disease onset is 18–23°C, but temperatures above 31°C can suppress it. Humidity plays a significant role in disease progression.
To manage gray mold, perform thorough disinfection before planting. Use 20% speed Keling smoke agent or 20% Tec smoke agent at 0.5–1 kg per 667 m², smoking for 12–24 hours. Alternatively, apply a 50% speed Keling wettable powder diluted 600 times or 65% mefenoxam 400 times for ground, wall, and film disinfection.
Ecological control includes mulching or drip irrigation, controlling watering and ventilating properly during growth and after disease onset. In the evening, if outdoor temperatures reach 16°C, cool the greenhouse and raise internal temperatures to 33°C to reduce disease risk.