Holmium (Ho)
In the second half of the 19th century, the development of spectral analysis and the creation of the periodic table, along with advancements in electrochemical separation techniques for rare earth elements, significantly accelerated the discovery of new rare earth elements. In 1879, Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve discovered a new element and named it holmium after Stockholm, Sweden, where he was based.
Although the application fields of holmium are still being explored, its usage remains relatively limited. Recently, the Baotou Steel Rare Earth Research Institute has developed high-purity metallic holmium (Ho/ΣRE > 99.9%) using high-temperature and high-vacuum distillation purification technology, which ensures minimal non-rare earth impurities.
Currently, the main applications of holmium include:
(1) It is used as an additive in metal halide lamps. These lamps, which are based on high-pressure mercury lamps, contain various rare earth halides in the bulb. Rare earth iodides are primarily used to emit different colors of light when the gas discharges. For example, cesium iodide is used in xenon lamps to increase the concentration of metal atoms in the arc region, thereby greatly improving radiation efficiency.
(2) Holmium can be added to strontium iron or yttrium aluminum garnet to enhance their properties.
(3) Holmium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) emits a 2μm laser, which is highly absorbed by human tissue—approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that of Ho:YAG. This makes Ho:YAG lasers ideal for medical procedures, as they improve surgical accuracy and reduce thermal damage to surrounding tissues. The laser beam produced by the crystal can remove fat without generating excessive heat, thus minimizing harm to healthy tissue. In the United States, holmium lasers are already being used to treat glaucoma, reducing patient discomfort during surgery. China's 2μm laser crystal technology has reached international standards, and further development and production of these crystals should be prioritized.
(4) In magnetostrictive alloys like Terfenol-D, small amounts of niobium can be added to lower the external magnetic field required for saturation magnetization.
(5) Erbium-doped fiber is used in optical fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, and fiber optic sensors, playing a crucial role in today’s fast-growing fiber-optic communication systems.
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Tags: Rare Earth Elements
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Polish Solid
Solid polish is a commonly used grinding material in the polishing process. Depending on its purpose, grinding accuracy, and applicable materials, it can be divided into the following categories:
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Classified by grinding accuracy
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-Coarse wax: Strong cutting force, mainly used to remove deep scratches, oxide layers or burrs on the surface of objects, laying the foundation for subsequent fine polishing, suitable for the initial polishing stage.
-Medium wax: Between coarse wax and fine wax, it can further refine the surface, eliminate the traces left by coarse wax, and make the surface smoother.
-Fine wax (mirror wax): High grinding accuracy, weak cutting force, can form a bright mirror effect on the surface of the object, commonly used in the final stage of polishing to enhance surface glossiness.
Classified by applicable materials
Metal
Polishing Wax: specially designed for metal materials such as stainless steel, copper, aluminum, etc., it can effectively remove oxide scale and scratches on the metal surface, and enhance the reflectivity of the metal.
Stone polishing wax: suitable for marble, granite and other stones, it can fill the small pores on the surface of the stone, increase the luster and wear resistance of the stone.
Plastic polishing wax: Developed based on the characteristics of plastic materials to avoid damage to the plastic during the polishing process, while improving the smoothness and brightness of the plastic surface.
The composition and characteristics of different types of solid polish vary, and the appropriate type should be selected according to the specific polishing object and requirements to achieve the best polishing effect.
Polish Solid Compound,Solid Polish,Surface Restoration
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